This result was a major discovery in itself, but Thomson resolved to understand more about the nature of these particles. As he expected, the rays were deflected by the electric charge, proving beyond doubt that the rays were made up of charged particles carrying a negative charge. Halfway down the tube were two electric plates, producing a positive anode and a negative cathode, which he hoped would deflect the rays. For this, he constructed a slightly different cathode ray tube, with a fluorescent coating at one end and a near perfect vacuum. Earlier experiments had failed to back this up, but Thomson thought that the vacuum in the tube was not good enough, and found ways to improve greatly the quality. To prove this hypothesis, he attempted to deflect them with an electric field. Like all great scientists, he did not stop there, and developed the second stage of the experiment, to prove that the rays carried a negative charge.

This proved that the negative charge and the ray were inseparable and intertwined. He found that by applying a magnetic field across the tube, there was no activity recorded by the electrometers and so the charge had been bent away by the magnet. This cylinder had two slits in it, leading to electrometers, which could measure small electric charges. His first experiment was to build a cathode ray tube with a metal cylinder on the end. Thomson had an inkling that the вЂraysвЂ™ emitted from the electron gun were inseparable from the latent charge, and decided to try and prove this by using a magnetic field. Thomson constructed some elegant experiments to find a definitive and comprehensive answer about the nature of cathode rays. They debated whether the rays were waves or particles, as they seemed to exhibit some of the properties of both.

Physicists knew that the ray carried a negative charge but were not sure whether the charge could be separated from the ray. However, other researchers, notably Crookes, argued that the focused nature of the beam meant that they had to be particles. With more experimentation, researchers found that the вЂcathode raysвЂ™ emitted from the cathode could not move around solid objects and so traveled in straight lines, a property of waves. That a tube coated in a fluorescing material at the positive end, would produce a focused вЂdotвЂ™ when rays from the electron gun hit it. Later and improved cathode ray experiments found that certain types of glass produced a fluorescent glow at the positive end of the tube. This cathode ray also became known as an вЂelectron gunвЂ™. Physicists in the 19th century found out that if they constructed a glass tube with wires inserted in both ends, and pumped out as much of the air as they could, an electric charge passed across the tube from the wires would create a fluorescent glow. Look at any glowing neon sign or any вЂold-fashionedвЂ™ television set, and you are looking at the modern descendants of the cathode ray tube. The rays are made up of electrons: very small, negatively charged particles that are indeed fundamental parts of every atom.Д®ven without consciously realizing it, most of us are already aware of what a cathode ray tube is. Yet Thomson's bold suggestion that cathode rays were material constituents of atoms turned out to be correct.

The atom is now known to contain other particles as well. It took more experimental work by Thomson and others to sort out the confusion. Thomson's speculation was not unmistakably Joseph John Thomson supported by his experiments. It was startling to imagine a particle residing inside the atom-most people thought that the atom was indivisible, the most fundamental unit of matter. He called these particles 'corpuscles,' and suggested that they might make up all of the matter in atoms. He was investigating a longstanding puzzle known as 'cathode rays.' His experiments prompted him to make a bold proposal: these mysterious rays are streams of particles much smaller than atoms they are in fact minuscule pieces of atoms. At the Cavendish Laboratory at Cambridge University, Thomson was experimenting with currents of electricity inside empty glass tubes. Thomson was venturing into the interior of the atom. One hundred years ago, amidst glowing glass tubes and the hum of electricity, the British physicist J.J.

J j thomson cathode ray experiment